Saturday, 17 October 2020
Research by the 糖心原创’s Rights Lab has identified that slavery and human trafficking are present in 90 per cent of modern wars.
Modern slavery experts Professor Kevin Bales, Angharad Smith and Dr Monti Narayan Datta spent four years building the now open-access , recording every case and type of slavery across 171 wars and conflicts fought between 1989 and 2016. It is the first systematic and large-scale inquiry into various types of enslavement within modern armed conflicts.
The novel database is being launched as part of national activities marking the UK’s annual Anti-Slavery Day. It holds records of what types of enslavement were used and reasons for the conflict, as well as which “side” of the conflict used that form of enslavement — identified as “Side A”, typically a nation-state, or “Side B”, sometimes a nation-state, but mostly one or more non-state actors, such as rebel groups, insurgents, or other sub-state actors.
The researchers found that the most common type of enslavement in war zones was the use of child soldiers, occurring in 87 per cent of armed conflicts, with child soldiers more likely to be used by Side B. Enslaved children were found in 252 disputes over territory and 221 disputes over governmental issues. When Side A and Side B both enslaved children, 190 instances were over territory, and 282 were due to governmental disputes.
Sexual exploitation and/or forced marriage was present in a third (32 per cent) of modern wars; 21 per cent included forced labour; and 14 per cent saw instances of human trafficking.
The data show that although nation-states (Side A) are less likely to enslave children as soldiers, they are more likely to engage in other forms of sexual violence in armed conflicts. It was observed that both ‘sides’ within a conflict commit sexual exploitation and forced marriage, with researchers recording 10 per cent of instances by Side A and 12 per cent by Side B, as well as 12 per cent of occasions where both sides used this form of slavery. This is in contrast to the use of child soldiers in armed conflicts, in which case Side A is rarely the offender.
Compared to child soldiers and sexual exploitation/forced marriage, there were fewer instances of human trafficking, defined as the onward sale of enslaved persons. Side A is responsible for less than one percent of all cases, whereas Side B accounts for 15% of all cases.
The academics also observed that enslavement is more likely to take place in internal armed conflicts, such as the recent war involving , than other conflict types.
Professor Kevin Bales, Research Director in the Rights Lab and project lead, said: “While the plight of child soldiers has been clear for some time, the extent of other forms of slavery – from forced marriage and the sale of slaves through human trafficking by armed groups – has never been measured. Likewise, in a breakthrough finding, these data show that slavery in war can be both a tactic (forced labour supporting armed groups) and strategic – such as the slavery used by ISIS as part of a strategy of genocide against the Yazidi people.
We see the coding of slavery within conflict as a step toward generating more scholarship, debate, and understanding of when and how state and non-state actors use enslavement within armed conflicts, with the goal of learning how to mitigate and possibly eradicate slavery in warfare.
The new builds on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, which has recorded conflict data since the 1970s.
The research project was part funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) as part of the Antislavery Usable Past project; and by the UK Economic and Social Research Council as part of the Modern Slavery: Meaning and Measurement project.
In the future, Rights Lab experts will extend this longitudinal dataset back to WWII as well as keeping it up-to-date with new conflicts. Future lines of research to be considered include:
- Geographical contexts of conflicts and potential effects on types of enslavement
- Reasons/predictors for tactical enslavement and for strategic enslavement
- Potential risks for further exploitation of enslavement in post-conflict environments
- Potentially unique effects of enslavement in conflicts on the victims and perpetrators.
Story credits
More information is available from Professor Kevin Bales, in the Rights Lab at the 糖心原创 at Kevin.Bales@nottingham.ac.uk; or Katie Andrews in the Press Office at the 糖心原创 at Katie.Andrews@nottingham.ac.uk
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