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"when electrons hit matter ..  # when electrons hit matter ..  &*/  ! $ ' )PG  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,? _Kd@  d _A@ d`"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> >(  8  y  yj   :B7 C DEHFPԟ @1?q 6 6 n(dx  G b q %(@B y2   C_TENG J_TQ1? `T`T_T`T`T_T_T`T_T_T    `'=wawa1 ?P [P V Click to edit Master title style! !B  Z$=wawa1 ? [P RClick to edit Master text styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level!     S`  Hyd޽h @ ? ԟi(3e ]U@(  p  01 ?   [PC  Zd'=wawa1 ? @, [P SClick to edit Master notes styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level"     TB  s *޽h ? a( P 0( ڤD  B  s *޽h ? a(= \T0(    # l$=wawa1 ?p [P   # ld$=wawa1 ? `   [P "   `twawa1?] p  f$The Knowledge Base at a Simple Level%% %`  Hyd޽h @ ? ԟi(3e =t H@`(    # lwawa1 ?P  [P   # lTwawa1 ? [P `  Hyd޽h @ ? ԟi(3e= p  ( wa    # lwawa1 ?` @0 [P   # lwawa1 ? `   [P "  Twawa1?/ t(the most important ones to consider are:) 2)  )B  Twawa1?Q  v" spherical aberration " chromatic aberration " astigmatism< 2<( <H  0޽h ? ԟi(3e= ((  ( ( # ltwawa1 ? [P  ( # lTwawa1 ?`  [P " 8 91x  (19x @ 9:x   (9:x r2 ( BG1? : bx2 ( HG1?0 j 2 ( 3 B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_T j 2 ( # B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_T: : b`B ( 01?9xfB  ( 61?91 fB  ( 61? 9HX fB  ( 61?9 fB  ( 61? ! `B ( 01?9 `B ( 01? `B ( 01?i `B ( 01? H fB ( 61?i fB ( 61? HHfB ( 61?i 8fB ( 61? 1H@`B ( 0)?aXB ( 0)?AdB ( <1?y8 ( T4wawa1?A_  T object plane 2   ( Tԅwawa1?Q /` " arises because a simple lens is more powerful at the edge than at the centre " is not a problem with glass lenses (can be ground to shape) " disc of minimum confusion results instead of point focus: " is not correctable for electromagnetic lensesL 2% JXB ( 08c?qpXB ( 08c?q@H ( 0޽h ?O@(((( ԟi(3e0= 0X( `p 0 0 # lwawa1 ?` [P  0 # lwawa1 ? `   [P "z 0 T̘wawa1? T" disc of minimum confusion has diameter given by: d = C a3 {C = constant} " hence reducing a gives a large reduction in d " . . . but for optimal resolution we need large a ! " best compromise is with a = 10-3 radians (= f/500) " gives resolution = 0.1 nm - can not be bettered^+ 2>((( + ' H 0 0޽h ? ԟi(3eB =t   8" (  8 8 # l˘wawa1 ? [P  8 # l˘wawa1 ?` P [P "8 b  8b @  b   8 b r2 8 BG1?P  2x2 8 HG1? :H b 2 8 3 B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_TZ : b 2 8 # B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_T R 2`B 8 01?```B  8 08c?@ ``B  8 08c?a `B  8 08c?q@ P `B  8 08c?a Qp` `B 8 08c?a Ap`B 8 08c?a qp` lB 8 <1?@ 8 TT̘wawa1? !_ " light of different l brought to different focal positions " l for electrons can be controlled by fixed KV and lens currents " but l of electrons can change by interaction with specimen ! " rule of thumb: resolution >= (specimen thickness)/10 2'D1( hH 8 0޽h ?O@8888 ԟi(3e= @e(  @ @ # l4Șwawa1 ? @ [P  @ # ltИwawa1 ?`  [P "8 y  @y @ y   @y r2 @ BG1?0  x2 @ HG1?p(  2 @ 3 B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_T:   2 @ # B_TC_TENG(HI I_TJ_TQ1? ETSETS_T_TETS_T_Tz2 `B @ 01?y`B  @ 01?y( `B  @ 01?y ( `B  @ 08c?!@ `B  @ 08c?q`B @ 08c?@ `B @ 08c?!`B @ 08c?1 fB @ 61?q``B @ 08c?A `B @ 08c?A q fB @ 68c?  @^B @ 6p?PP @ TȘwawa1?q Yminimal confusion 2 dB @ <1?ppxl @ Tʘwawa1? ! " arises when the lens is more powerful in one plane than in the plane normal to it " causes points to be imaged as short lines, which  flip through 90 degrees on passing through  focus (minimal confusion) 2 XB @ 08c? ` XB @ 08c?`  ` H @ 0޽h ?O@@@@@ ԟi(3e< f( wY   3 rИwawa1 ? [P   3 r͘wawa1 ?0 [P "|  Tɘwawa1? P.: " depth of useful focus (in the specimen) is primarily limited by chromatic aberration effects the absolute depth of focus is larger than this: for all practical purposes, everything is in focus to same level . . . So one cannot rack through focus (as in a light or even scanning electron) microscope depth of field (in the image plane) is - for all practical purposes infinite ` 2 2 2P 2 NtB7  H  0޽h ? ԟi(3e =- x( wY   3 rϘwawa1 ?Pp [P p  HA1?(@X  61? ,$D H  0޽h ? ԟi(3e jbt( `p t t  `Θwawa1 ?Pp ^when electrons hit matter ..  t TTϘwawa1?`P, H(1) they may collide with an inner shell electron, ejecting same > the ejected electron is a low-energy, secondary electron - detected & used to from SEM images > the original high-energy electron is scattered - known as a  back-scattered electron (SEM use) > an outer-shell electron drops into the position formerly occupied by the ejected electron > this is a quantum process, so a X-ray photon of precise wavelength is emitted - basis for X-ray microanalysisZ 2k C H t 0޽h ? ԟi(3e $ x|( wY | | 3 rtʘwawa1 ?Pp [P p | HA1?(@X | 61?@ ,$D H | 0޽h ? ԟi(3e  x<(  x x  `јwawa1 ?Pp ^when electrons hit matter ..  x Tʘwawa1?` (2) they may collide or nearly collide with an atomic nucleus > undergo varying degree ofdeflection (inelastic scattering) > undergo loss of energy - again varying > lost energy appears as X-rays of varying wavelength > this X-ray continuum is identical to that originating from an X-ray source/generator (medical, XRC etc) > original electrons scattered in a forward direction will enter the imaging system, but with  wrong l > causes a  haze and loss of resolution in imaget 232 Y H x 0޽h ? ԟi(3e $ 0D( wY   3 rјwawa1 ?Pp [P p  HA1?(@X  61?p,$D   61? ,$D   61? ,$D H  0޽h ? ԟi(3e @W( i    `wawa1 ?Pp ^when electrons hit matter .. )  T$wawa1?`F (3) they may collide with outer shell electrons > either removing or inserting an electron > results in free radical formation > this species is extremely chemically active > reactions with neighbouring atoms induce massive change in the specimen, especially in the light atoms > this radiation damage severely limits possibilities of EM > examination of cells in the live state NOT POSSIBLE > all examinations need to be as brief (low dose) as possible 2 %  H  0޽h ? ԟi(3e L zrPX ( p89L@ X X # lwawa1 ?Pp [P p X HA1?(@X X 61?P,$D H X 0޽h ? ԟi(3e SK`(     `Dwawa1 ?Pp ^when electrons hit matter ..   Twawa1?`F 1(4) they may pass through unchanged > these transmitted electrons can be used to form an image > this is called imaging by subtractive contrast > can be recorded by either (a) TV-type camera (CCD) - very expensive (b) photographic film - direct impact of electrons Photographic film > silver halide grains detect virtually every electron > at least 50x more efficient than photon capture !t 2.;* H  0޽h ? ԟi(3et $ ( wY    `twawa1 ?Pp ^when electrons hit matter ..   Ttwawa1?` 6 beam damage occurs: light elements (H, O) lost very rapidly change in valency shell means free radicals formed . . .& consequent chemical reactions causing further damage beam damage is minimised by use of low temperatures (-160) high beam voltages minimal exposure times 2 2 2$ 2F 2  F KH  0޽h ? ԟi(3eH p(     B1 ?    [P  # lwawa1 ? @,  [P " H  0޽h ? a(H ( wa   # ldwawa1 ? @,  [P "    B1 ?    [PH  0޽h ? a(N $(   $ $  H1 ?    [P $ # lwawa1 ? @,  [P " H $ 0޽h ? a(N ,( ІІ , ,  H1 ?    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