ࡱ> bda XKbjbjcTcT .V>>7#t t 8LO<^4|||3333333f693|||||34<+<+<+|83<+|3<+<+V1@2@GO)2 3.40^4+2x9*922&92||<+|||||33<+|||^4||||9|||||||||t }: Wives, Widows and Wimples Theme 8: Advice on Behaviour and Dress Document 1 WLC/LM/9, ff. 141r-141v: Speculum Vitae,lines 9191-9232 (composed mid 14th century, English) Transcription by Gavin Cole. Translation by Pamela Doohan Quartus gradus e fere degre after consentyng at is to say a brennynge ernyng at a man ha to a lechorous dede Is dedely synne at men schuld Drede Al if he faile of at lecchory it gret ernynge is synne dedely And orow sich ernyng many men may Syn dedely ofte sithes on a day Paraventure nyne sithes or ten orow e sight of sum wymmen Lauedys or oer quayntly dight at dighten hem quayntly to mennes sight Sich queynt tyffyng ei ofte vse To make foles on hem muse And ei trowe ei do not ille For ei assenten not to siche foles wille Bot certes ful greuously synne ay As men may here wise clerkes say For orow e enchesoun of hem an e soules ben lorne of many a man at ernen to synne fleschly with sight With hem at ben so queyntly Dight For e womman at Dighte hir queyntly Ouer on heued or on bodi To make men ofte hire to be halde e fendes gilder sche may be calde Many a man in at gilder bonde Is taken and broght to e fendes honde And salamon speke and sei it mare at eche lyme of hir is e deuels snare Wharefore at e laste day of dome When alle men schal before crist come And gret drede schal sche answere an And resoun ilde of eche a man Of whom e soule dampned es orow hire dightyng and hire gaynes Al if sche seme of good condicioun if sich be hire entencioun at I at be held hir heued and body Had ?ernyng with hire to do foly Sche schal not be excused bi resoun at sche ne is at synne enchesoun The fourth degree. The fourth degree after consenting, that is to say, is a burning desire that a man has towards a lecherous deed [the sexual act] and is a deadly sin that men should fear. If he entirely fails to avoid that lechery, that great desire is a deadly sin. Even if he fails to commit the lechery completely, the great desire is itself a deadly sin. And because of such desire, many men may commit this deadly sin, perhaps nine or ten times a day, through the sight of those elegantly dressed women who are pleasing to mens sight. These women often use such elaborate adornment to make foolish men look upon them, and they believe that they do no evil just because they do not agree to the foolish mens desires, as we may hear learned men say. Because of this, many men, who yearn for fleshly sin by the sight of those who are so elegantly dressed, lose their souls. For the woman who dresses herself elaborately, either her head or body, to tempt men, may be called a snare of the Devil. Many men in that spiritual pitfall are taken and brought before the Devils hand. Solomon speaks, and says further that each of their limbs is the Devils snare. For this reason, they will answer at Judgment Day, when all men come before Christ in great fear, and the reason given for each man whose soul is damned is the elaborate womens dress and rich decoration. Although the women seem to be of good social standing, if their intentions are for men to admire them and wish to commit lechery with them, the women shall not be excused by the argument that they are not the cause of that sin. Document 2 WLC/LM/9, ff. 254r-v: John Gaytridge, The Lay Folks Catechism (composed mid 14th century, English) Transcription and translation by Pamela Doohan e sixte techinge and e laste of oo at I first touched Be seuen heued synnes men kalle dedly synnes at ilch owe to knowen to fleu and to forsaken For man may not fleu hem but ef he knowe hem ryde and enuye wrathe and glotonye slouthe and lecherye And ey ben called seuen hed synnes For ey fylen gostly ilk mannes souleThe sixth teaching, and the last of those that I first mentioned, are the seven cardinal sins that men call Deadly Sins. Every man ought to know about these to avoid them and abstain from them, because if he does not know about them, he cannot avoid them. Pride, envy, wrath, gluttony, sloth and lechery1 are the seven cardinal sins, because they all spiritually corrupt each mans soul. Avarice or covetousness is missing from this list Document 3 WLC/LM/6, f. 339v: Gautier le Leu, La Veuve (early 13th century, French) Transcription by Gavin Cole. Translation by Theresa Tyers Dont na ele soing dereponre Il nelestuet mie semonre Son fait nueces quele ni soit Ele na mais ne fain ne soit Or ne li faut plus que li rains Qui lemal li cache des rains Celui porquiert bien et porcace Ses enfans ensus deli cace Et beke ausi con li geline Qui dales le coc sa geline Nuituns deuint sis escaucire Souent fait candelles decire Quele ofre par us et par nonbre Que dex des enfans les descombre Et que li male mors les prenge Ie ne truis qui por aus me prenge Nus nesi oseroit embatre Puis se reua aels conbatre Ses hurte et fiert et grate et mort Et maudist de le male mort Adont faut li amors del pere Puis que li enfes le conpereNow, she has no worries nor anyone to answer to. She feasts and celebrates wherever and whenever she likes and so suffers from neither hunger nor thirst. Now, there is only one thing that she needs: the rod1 (that) searched out the pain and ache in her loins, which is why she persists in chasing after what she desires. As for her children, she drives them away and pecks at them just like a hen when it's ready to crouch down for the cock. At night she became one of those creatures of the dark (or hobgoblin) and once again chases the children away. She often makes beeswax candles that she offers up, not just once but again and again, (asking) that God should rid her of the children and that a plague2 should descend upon them. 'I can find no-one that will take me. No-one would dare to throw themselves in with me'.3 Then she turned upon her own children once more. She slaps them and whacks them and scratches and bites and curses to bring down a scourge upon them, and all because of the lack of the attentions4 of a lover the children pay the price. An alternative here could be 'shaft'. Mort mal is usually glossed as a type of skin disease, sometimes perhaps allied to leprosy. It could be something like 'gangrene', which would no doubt have resulted in death. Skin disease could be considered to be a plague or scourge, which 'came out of nowhere' or was brought about by divine power. A variation esbatre, in the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, means to have sexual intercourse. Amours can mean 'sexual attentions'; however it can also mean 'regards or compliments'. Document 4 WLC/LM/4, f. 8v: William of Waddington, Le Manuel des Pchs (composed c.1220-1240, Anglo-Norman) Transcription and translation by Theresa Tyers D e dames dium nus auant. K e trop lunges uunt trainant. M ielz ualdreit en almosne dune. Q uantes traine suz le pe. L es guymples alsi ensaffronez. P lus malement les auent dassez. M eins sunt beles comest auis. L eissent co dunc a tut dis. S i en les rues uet gigant. H ome u femme sei demustrant. Si co feit pur estre desire. E n sun quor ad dunc pecche.We will now speak of women, who go about with their trains too long. 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" """˻ h\}h:0JCJOJQJaJh\}h:CJOJQJaJh6f'h6f'CJOJQJ]aJ h*]*h6f'"h6f'h6f'5CJOJQJ]aJh>45CJOJQJaJh*]*h*]*CJOJQJaJ="""%"'"e"g"t"w"""J#K#L####$$,%0%1%>%?%%%%w&x&&&&&&&((0(L(R(((ϛϛzzjzh\}h:CJOJQJ]aJ"h\}h:6CJOJQJ]aJh\}h:CJOJQJaJ#h\}h:0JCJH*OJQJaJ"h\}h:5CJOJQJ\aJh\}h:CJH*OJQJaJ h\}h:0JCJOJQJaJ h\}h:0JCJOJQJaJh\}h:CJOJQJaJ)L(((((()E)F)*45CJOJQJaJ h*]*h*]*0JCJOJQJaJh6f'5OJQJh6f'h6f'5OJQJh6f'h6f'CJOJQJaJn indulging in this fashion] in alms to the poor, than trail it beneath their feet. In addition [this fashion of wearing] wimples dyed golden yellow with saffron will only add to the suffering that they will have.1 In my opinion, it does not seem beautiful at all. These actions allow all [the church authorities or teachings] to say that, if in the streets they go dancing, and make merry and in doing so show themselves off to men or women, if all of this is done in order that they make themselves desirable, then in that case they themselves have sin in their hearts. 'auent' has the sense of 'coming' as in Advent. The line refers to the idea of suffering in Purgatory or Hell. Document 5 Special Collection PR1105.P4/30: Verses 10-13 of Pleasant Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen: A Glasse to Viewe the Pride of Vaineglorious Women by Stephen Gosson (1596, English) (London: Reprinted by T. Richards, for the executors of the late C. Richards, 1841) Printed item in English, no transcription or translation available. Document 6 WLC/LM/6, f. 198v: Heldris de Cornulle, Le Roman de Silence, lines 2051-2056 (early 13th century, French) Transcription by Kathryn Summerwill. Translation by Theresa Tyers Et senos falons a oir Malle Ceste ira aluent . et al halle Ala froidure . et alabize Moult bone garde . i aura mize Deuant leferai estalcier Fendre ses dras . braies calcierBut if we fail to have a male heir This girl will go out in the wind and burning sun, In the cold and north-east wind. 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