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Theme 4: Marriage
Document 1
WLC/LM/8, ff. 201r-v: John Gower, Traiti...pour essampler les amantz marietz (composed late 14th century, French)
Transcript and translation by Theresa Tyers
Ovesque amour qant loialte sequeinte lors sont les noeces bones et ioiouses mais lui guilers qant il se fait pluis queint Par falssemblant les fait souent doubtouses A loial qant pluis resemblont amerouses Cest en cy come de stouppes vn corde Qant le penser a son semblant descorde
Celle espousaile est assetz forte et seinte
Damour v . sont les causes vertouses Si lespousaile est dauarice enceint Et qe les causes soient trucherouses Ja ne serront les noeces graciouses Car conscience toutdis se remorde Qant le penser a son semblant discorde
Honeste amour qone loialte sa queinte Fait qe les noeces serront gloiouses Et qui son coer ad mys par tiel empeinte Nestoet doubter les chainiges perilouses Om dit qe noeces sont auenturouses Car la fortune en tiel lien ne sacorde Qant le penser a son semblant discordeWith love great faithfulness [will] follow,
Then, at that time, the wedding is good and joyful.
But when he, the deceiver, is knowingly more malicious,
[Then] by his cunning these unions are often made into something to be feared
When, to the eye, [it may seem] a loving [union].
It is, thus, like [the difference between] tow and a piece of cord1
When thought and its image are opposed.
This union is strong and holy,
Where made of love2, the reasons are virtuous.
If [however] the marriage is girded with avarice
The reasons may be based on trickery and lies.
[Then] never will the union be favoured or be blessed,
Because conscience always torments itself,
When thought and its image are opposed.
When pure and virtuous love are brought together with fidelity
Then the union will be blessed with grace,
And he who, in his heart, accepts such a commitment
Will not be afraid of threatening changes.
They say that marriages are full of chance,
As [indeed] Fortune does not [act in] harmony in such a union
When thought and its image are opposed.
Tow = a strand. Cord = a number of strands twisted or woven together
An alternative translation is 'Of love five are the causes/reasons for marriage'.
Document 2
WLC/LM/9, ff. 169r-v: Speculum Vitae, lines 10991-11032 (composed mid-14th century, English)
Transcript and translation by Pamela Doohan
De Statu Coniugatorum
For spousayle is as men may se A state of gret autorite Of dignite and of holynes orow ese re spousayle stabled es Of gret autorite is it As bereth witnes holy writ For whi oure lord god rightwise Hit stabled first in paradyse In the state of obedience Or euer man synned orow neclygence erfore men schuld orow al her myght at state kepe clene bothe day and nyght As techeth and biddeth holy writ Be resoun of god at stabled hit And be resoun of e stede clene er it was first stabled sene Also spousayle is an hey state Of gret dignite as clerkes wate For whi oure lord wold borne be Of a wedded womman at was fre at was blestful mary mayden clene at Joseph wedded hir to mayntene Gods sone before e hey message Made hir e mantel of mariage And wold be vnder e mantel hem Conceyued and borne with oute wem Vnder e mantel as clerkes kan telle Was hid fro e fend of helle e conseile of oure saluacioun And e priuite of oure ransoun erfore men schold at state worschepe And honestly and clene it kepe Hit is also er it is wemles A state of gret holynes For it is on of e sacramentes at holy chirche myche tentes And betokene e spousayle at is knyt and neuer schal fayle Betwene ihesu crist and holy chirche orow whos counseile vs behoueth wirche And betwene god on e same manere And mannes soule at boght dere[On the state of marriage]
The sacrament of marriage is, as men say, a state of excellent authority, of spiritual worth, and of holiness. Through these three things marriage is permanently ordained. It is of excellent authority, as Holy Writ bears witness, because our good Lord God established it in Paradise first, in that state of obedience, before man sinned through negligence.
Therefore, man should try to remain in a pure state, both day and night, as is taught and required in Holy Writ, by Gods reason, who established it, and because of the holy place [Paradise, the Garden of Eden] where it was first established and seen.
Also, marriage is a high state, of great dignity, as learned men know, because our Lord was born of a married woman who was not in sin. She was the blessed Mary, a maiden, whom Joseph married to maintain her purity. Under the mantle of that marriage, God ordained that his Son would be conceived and born without blemish. Under that mantles disguise, as learned men can tell, He was protected from the Fiend of Hell, he was the counsel of our salvation, and the sacred mystery of our redemption.
Therefore man should worship that state and keep it respectable and pure. It is also blemish-free, a state of great holiness, because it is one of the sacraments that the Holy Church observes greatly. And it is a sign of the marriage that unites, and never shall be broken, between Jesus Christ and the Holy Church through whose instruction we are bidden to work and in the same way between God and mans souls that he redeemed at a high price.
Document 3
WLC/LM/4, ff. 71v-72r: Robert of Gretham, 'Mirur', lines 2474-2517 (composed c.1250, Anglo-Norman)
Transcript by Kathryn Summerwill. Translation by Theresa Tyers
A s espusailles fu marie. E iesus e sa compaignie. S achez grant est li sacremenz. V tant sunt de si seinte genz. E vus deuez tenir cher. L a rien ki deus uont tant amer. K ar tut ni seit il charnelment. V ncore est il en present. K ar quantquen seinte iglise est feit. E n sa presence tut esteit. E ki ken seit le seruitur. S ue est la force e le uigur. T ut ausi cum est de baptistire. E de espusaille est il sire.
A s espusailles uin faillit. K ar la uielz lei nert pas parfit. D espuser nest perfectiun. K i nest feit si pur faute nun. K i ne se poet pucelle guarder. S aluer se poet par espuser. P ur saluer charnel corrupture. F ist deus i ceste seinte cure. E lewe bien co signefie. K e en uin i fut conuertie. K ar ewe est chose esculuriable. E ia par sei nen ert estable. N un est la char kar ia ne fine. M ais tut dis en pis se decline. I esus fist lewe mettre en pere. Q uant il estrainst tele manere. Q uant il estrainst nos charneltez. Q ue ne seium trop des-laiz. K e dur seium contre le mal. E ne seium trop comunal. Mais nuls nen auerat guarisun. S en part feit bien . e en part nun. P ur co fist deus del ewe uin. P ur demustrer le dreit chemin. L i uin eschaufe si en yuere. E de cures le quor deliuere. S i feit la lei del espuser. L es quors eschauffe par amer. E en yure pur mals leisser. E cures tolt de fol penser.[The sermon alternates lines from scripture with commentaries by the author Robert of Gretham]
Scripture: At the marriage feast were Mary, Jesus and his companions.
Robert of Gretham: Know well that so great is the Sacrament of marriage that there were many saintly men there and that you must cherish and hold dear this thing that God loves so much. Although he is not there in the flesh he is, nevertheless, always present because when something is done in the Holy Church everything is known to him as he is always present. To him who is there as a servant, he [God] is the power and strength of all that there is. As he is also at baptism, and of marriage he is Lord.
Scripture: At the wedding feast the wine ran out.
Robert of Gretham: 'For the old Law1 was not perfect', for marriage is not the way to 'perfection'. However, for those who are unable to keep their maidenhood and would otherwise be corrupted by desires of the flesh, for them, God has made this holy work2. And the water which was turned into wine symbolises well this state. For water is always flowing and moving and (because of its nature) can never remain stable by itself. Such is the flesh that is never satisfied and thus, all say, it continues to degenerate, always going from bad to worse.
Scripture: Jesus put the water into stone.
Robert of Gretham: When he restrained it in that manner (it is like) when he restrains our desires of the flesh, so that we are not overcome with evil and can stand firm against it. And this means that all men will be helped and none will be set apart: all will recover their health if he is in part good but in part is not. This is the reason that God changed the water into wine, to show man the true road and the right way. The wine heats in this manner to intoxicate and by doing so the cares and worries (carnal desire) of the heart are released. If the law of marriage is kept, the hearts are heated by love and the intoxication of evil caused by such desires are left behind and the heart is cured of all misguided thoughts.
'la viele lei' can also have the meaning of 'The Old Testament'.
This could also translate as 'cure'.
Document 4
WLC/LM/4, f. 34v: William of Waddington, Le Manuel des Pchs. The sixth Sacrament, of Marriage (composed c.1220-1240, Anglo-Norman)
Transcript and translation by Theresa Tyers
N e matrimoigne ne deit desturber K i uoldra estre sanz blamer. Q uant home fiet pur uerite. K e a tort sunt alcuns espusee. S e il nel mustre a seint eglise. Q uite ne pot estre en nule guise. K i co ne feit est consentant. E malement pot peccher par tant. Kar ki a larrun ad consenti. V ele peine deit auer od li.Neither should anyone interfere with marriage which is contracted sincerely and truthfully if they themselves wish to be without reproach. (It is said) that some are illegally married in supposing that he or she do not meet together at the church, but if this does happen they cannot in any way be discharged from their legal obligation. Even so, if entering into a marriage is not freely done then it is evil and they sin. And, if the marriage takes place in secret but nevertheless it is freely done, they will suffer equally for this.
Wives, Widows and Wimples. Theme 4: Marriage
(c) Manuscripts and Special Collections, The ԭ, 2010
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@V( P LWhen pure and virtuous love are brought , 2
NV P Ltogether with fidelity
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N P L I 2
[V) P LThen the union will be blessed with grace
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[A P L,
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iV P LAnd he who,
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i P L 2
i P Lin his h + 2
i P Leart, accepts such a y 2
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w P L 2
V P LWill not be
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P Lafraid of threatening changes.
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B P L 2
V P LThey
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u P Lsay
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P Lthat
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V P Lchance
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V P Lharmony in such a union
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P L F 2
V' P LWhen thought and its image are opposed.
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E P L
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V P L - - - 2
V P L1. @ "Arial - - -
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_ P L - - - 1 2
j P LTow = a strand. Cord = a & 2
P Lnumber of strands 1 2
j P Ltwisted or woven together
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V P L2. - - -
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j4 P LAn alternative translation is 'Of love five are the 7 2
j P Lcauses/reasons for marriage'.
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