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Theme 1: Nature or Nurture
Document 1
WLC/LM/6, f. 201r: Heldris de Cornulle, Le Roman de Silence, lines 2500-2530 (early 13th century, French)
Transcription by Gavin Cole. Translation by Theresa Tyers
Apries xii . ans si uint nature Ki le blasme forment et coze Distli chi a estrange coze Ki te deduis al fuer demalle Et uas sialuent et al halle Car une special forme ai Dont a mes . ii . mains te formai Et labialte quai tant cele Ai tolte entoi amoncelee . M . gens me tienent por escarse Por labialte dont tu ies farse Car io ai de . M . gens retraite Labialte dont tu ies refaite . M . femes a enceste uie Ki detoi ont moult grant en vie Por lebialtet queles i uoient Car puet scelestre eles i croient Tel cose quen toi nen a mie Et tels est ore moult tamie
Qui te haroit detolt lecuer Seil detoi sauoit lefuer Quele sen tenroit amalballie Que sesperance estroit fallie Tu me fais certes grant laidure Quant tu maintiens tel noreture Nedois pas enbos conuerser Lancier . netraire . ne berser Tol toi de chi cho dist nature Va enlacambre a la costure Cho uiolt de nature lius Tu ne nes pas sicilentiusAfter twelve years Nature came along
Who accused Silence harshly and scolded her.
She said, 'This is a strange thing
That you amuse yourself like a man,
Going out in the wind and the scorching sun
When I had a special image of you,
When, with my own two hands, I formed you
And with all the beauty I had in store
I have drawn so much of it together in you.
One thousand people accuse me of being miserly
For the beauty with which you are filled to the brim.
I have taken away from one thousand people
The beauty of which you were also made.
There are one thousand women today
Who desire you very much
For the beauty that they see there
For in you being so convincing (as a man) they believe
That you have something that, indeed, you have not.
And because of this they who now love you greatly,
Those (same women) who would hate you with all their hearts
If they really knew how you were made -
They would feel themselves to be maltreated
In that all their hopes and expectations came to an end.
You certainly insult me and do me a great wrong
In leading your life in such a way.
You must not go into the woods to meet with others
Jousting, hawking or hunting with a bow,
Away with you from all of this, said Nature.
Go to the (bed)-chamber and stitch a seam
That is what Nature wishes you to do
You are not Silentius.
Document 2
WLC/LM/6, f. 215r: Heldris de Cornulle, Le Roman de Silence, lines 5145-5164 (early 13th century, French)
Transcription by Gavin Cole. Translation by Theresa Tyers
Moult lefist bien ens en larainne Entre . ii . rens alaquintainne Ainc feme nefu mains laniere Decontoier entel maniere Kil ueist ioster sans mantel Et lescu porter encantiel Et faire donques lademise Lalance sor lefaltre mise Dire peust que noreture Puet moult ourer contre nature Quant ele aprent si et escolte Atel us . feme . et tendre . et mole Tels chevaliers par li i uierse Que seil letenist enuierse Et il peust lafin sauoir Que grant honte enpeust auoir Que feme tendre fainte et malle Kirien na dome fors lehalle Et fors les dras et contenance Leust abatu desa lanceHe did well in the tournament out on the lists
Between the two runs and the quintain. 1
Never had there been a woman less reluctant
To mix and converse in such a manner.
Whoever saw him jousting, out there without his cloak,
His shield held en cantiel just before his sword hilt and such his scabbard was protected2
And then at the unseating (of his opponent)
The lance he sets at rest upon the falter3,
They may well say that Nurture
Can do much work to overcome Nature
When she can teach such accomplishments
To such a soft and tender woman.
Many a knight who was thrown by him [Silence],
Had he only been aware
And may at last have known the truth,
What dreadful shame he would have felt
That a woman (so) tender, weak and soft
And who, except complexion, possessed nothing of being a male,
With the clothing and the bearing of a man,
Could have struck him down with her lance.
The Oxford English Dictionary gives quintain (1440) a similar meaning to a target. However, quintaine (1180) in the Dictionairre de l'Ancien Franais gives a jousting dummy serving as a target when practising with a lance. The names probably dates back to the traditions of the Roman army who used 'dummies' made up of five pieces of armour.
The shield thus worn appears to have been termed 'ecu en cantiel'. The shield which is large and hollow and charged with ermine ... is suspended from a very long guige in front of the left thigh, immediately behind the sword hilt, thus covering the upper part of the scabbard. Rev. W. Bramston, A History of the Abbey Church of Minster, Isle of Sheppey, Kent. (1896).
faltre: a piece of felt on the saddle where the lance is placed when at rest.
Document 3
MS 66/1: Extract from an extent of the manor of Langar and Barnstone, Nottinghamshire (c.1340, Latin)
Transcription by Kathryn Summerwill. Translation by Professor L.V.D. Owen, in Three Nottinghamshire Manorial Records, Thoroton Society Record Series Vol XI, Pt. II (1946)
Tenentes tofftorum in bondagio
Matillda de Herdeby tenet j tofftum in bondagio et reddit per annum . ij . solidos . vj denarios . terminis ut supra Et dabit auxilium secundum numerum animalium suorum Et debet meterium in Autumpno ad Magna precaria domini cum tota familia excepta . uxore domus Et valet operis illius diei per estimacione ij denarios et habebit j repastum et valet j denarius et sic valet opus illius diei ultra repastam j . denarius. Et dabit pro quolibet pullano masculino . iij . denarios . pro tolleneto Et valet tollenetum per annum . [...] Et dabit pannagium porcorum bis per annum . ut supra et valet pannagium per annum [...] Et dabit Merche tum et LeyrWytum pro filiis suis.[Cottars]
Bondage tenants of tofts.
Matillda de Herdeby has 1 toft in bondage and pays 2s 6d per annum at the terms as above [Christmas, Lent, Pentecost and Michaelmas]. And she owes an aid of the above mentioned number of her animals [not specifically mentioned, a sum of money in proportion to the number of animals she owns]. And she owes harvest work in autumn at the chief service of the lord with her whole family except the housewife. And the value of the work of that day shall be assessed at 2d. And she shall have one meal to be valued at 1d. And the afternoons work shall be valued at 1d. And she shall give as toll for every male foal 4d. The value of this toll per annum is [blank]. And she shall provide pannage for swine twice in the year as stated and the pannage shall be valued at [blank]. And she shall pay merchet and leywrite for her daughters.
Document 4
WLC/LM/8, ff. 31v-32r : John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book 2, lines 644-652 and 678-713, The Tale of Constance (composed c.1393, English)
Transcription and translation by Pamela Doohan
e moder which e saudan bare Was an a lyue and oght is Vnto hir selue . if so it is My son hir wedd in is manere an haue I lost my ioyes he r e F o r m y n a s t a t e s h a l s o b e l a s s e d e n k e n d u s s h e h a c o m p a s s e d B e s l e i g h t h o w a t s h e m a y b e g i l e H i r s o n e . a n d f e l l w i i n n e a w h i l e . . .
S h e m a d e s o a t w h a n C o n s t a n c e W a s c o m e f o r w i e r o m e y n e s O f c l e r k e s a n d o f C i t e e i n s A r i c h e f e s t e s h e hem made And most when at ei weren glade Wi fals couyne which she hadd Hir clos envie er she spradd And alo at hadden be Or in aperte or in priuete Of conseil to e mariage She sloghe hem in a sodein rage Endlonge and brode as ei ben sett So at it myght noght be lett Hir owen sone was noght quite Bot diede upon e same plite
Bot what e hihe godd wol spare It may for no perill mysfare is wori maiden which was ere Stode an as who sei dede for fere To se e feste how at it stode W h i c h a l l w a s t o r n e d i n t o b l o d e e d i s s h e f o r w i t h e c o p p a n d a l l B e b l e d e i w e r e n o u e r a l l S h e s e i h e h e m d i e o n e u e r y s i d e N o w o n d r e o g h s h e w e p t a n d c r i e d M a k e n d m a n y a w o f u l m o n e W h a n a l w a s s l e y n b o t s h e a l l o n e i s o l d e f e n d e i s s a r a e i n e L e t e t a k e a n o n e i s C o n s t a n t i n e W i a l e g o d e s h e i d i r e b r o u g h t A n d h a o r d e i n e d a s s h e o g h t A n a k e d s h i p w i o u t s t i e r e I n w h i c h e g u d e a n d s h e i n f e r e V i t a i l e d f u l f o r e r e s f y u e W h e r a t e w y n d e i t w o l d d r y u e S h e p u t t v p o n e w a w e s w y l d e T h e mother of the sultan was still alive then, and thought this to herself: If it is so, that my son would marry her in this manner, then I have lost my joy here, for my estate [both socially and politically] shall thus be lessened.
Thus thinking, she contrived how she might deceive and beguile her son. And within a while fell
When Constance came forth with the Romans, their clerics and citizens, the mother had made them a rich feast. And when they were at their most joyful, she spread her secret envy with false conspiracy, and she slaughtered those that had been in agreement to the marriage, either openly or in private, everyone along the table as they were seated, in a sudden rage; her own son was not unpunished, but died in the same way as the others.
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When all but her alone were slain, this old devil, the Saracen [the mother], commanded her men to take the maiden, this Constantine [Constance], with all the goods she had brought there. She arranged and devised, as she thought, a bare ship without a rudder, to put the girl and enough possessions and provisions for five years together, to wherever the wind would drive it, and she put it upon the wild waves.
Wives, Widows and Wimples. Theme 1: Nature or Nurture
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Translation by Theresa Tyers
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